Audacity. The Role Of The Technology In The Learning Process Essay

Boldness. The Role Of The Technology In The Learning Process - Essay Example Understudies could go to the PC lab, and, rather than composing their schoolwork or activities in class, could get a kick off on their schoolwork and ventures by directing them into mouthpieces associated with the PC. The words will at that point show up on the screen and the understudies don't need to do any composing at all. This would be perfect for understudies who have learning incapacities or challenges spelling, as it deals with that viewpoint for them. Their discourse is all they need. This adjusts to NET-S principles by helping understudies utilize their imagination, utilize computerized media to convey, use data, think basically, practice mindful utilization of innovation, and work new technology.4 This adjusts to NETS-T guidelines by encouraging and rousing understudy innovativeness, desigining and building up an advanced age learning experience, displaying advanced age work and learning through utilization of Audacity, advancing model advanced citizenship and obligation by utilizing this innovation accurately, and taking part in proficient development and administration by exhibiting the viable utilization of the advanced devices and assets of Audacity.5 It bolsters the student by helping the person in question not need to truly compose their papers; rather, the individual in question can direct the papers to the PC and the product will process them for the person in question. That is the magnificence of this product. What is the role(s) of the

Porter Five Forces essays

Doorman Five Forces expositions In the mid 1990s, Cisco Systems was the prevailing player in the US switch market and its authority was undisputed . In any case, this position was changed with the passage of a few new contenders into the superior portion of this market. Specifically, Juniper developed as a genuine danger to Cisco constantly 2000. The background to the development of these new contenders was the quick extension of the web and a relating acceleration sought after for elite switches. The new participants had presumed that an elite fragment inside the IP switch market would rise with Cisco or without it. This paper inspects the helpfulness of Porters Five Forces approach in understanding the new participants into the switch showcase in the late 1990s, and infers that the methodology is valuable in distinguishing that the business was appealing to new contestants, yet doesn't plainly clarify the elements that upheld the new contestants into the market. Doormen Five Forces (Router Market) New contestants confronted huge capital prerequisites for item improvement as switch innovation was unpredictable and set aside effort to create. In any case, this capital was in effect promptly provided to new contestants by investors and, in Junipers case, innovation heavyweights. Cisco had a solid brand acknowledgment and notoriety (Nobody at any point got terminated for purchasing from Cisco) . It likewise had the cost favorable circumstances related with advertise understanding (Cisco commands the market, in such a case that youre not taking an interest in the web you dont get the exercises in perceiving how the product needs to advance) . Likewise, another participant was confronted with building economies of scale to take care of high beginning up costs. Nonetheless, there was extension to defeat these hindrances by focussing on item execution and unwavering quality (as Juniper did). Further, there is n ... <!

A Creative Writing About John The Activist - 825 Words

A Creative Writing About John The Activist (Essay Sample) Content: NAME:INSTITUTION:COURSE NAME:COURSE CODE:PROFESSORS NAME:DATE:JOHN THE ACTIVISTJohn was a first born in a family of six he felt the burden of a great responsibility and at the same point a role model to his siblings. His father died from as a result of mine collusion and therefore her mother was going through a tough time raising the family all by herself. Currently there had been high level of unemployment and poverty level in his native village was rampant. After finishing the undergraduate degree and an in vain search for job, he went back to his to village where he met jack his best friend since their childhood. On a grass roofed house and a mudded supportive was jacks house where the two men had a chat. In there was where jack enlightened john on an upcoming recruitment of a terrorist group where the members families were given huge sums of money. With amusement, john stood up from a ragged three legged couch and walked out of jacks hut.It was on a Monday morni ng one day before the recruitment process. Johns mother developed kidney complications. She had to undergo a six month therapy in struggle to treat the disease. John felt the pain, he knew he had to do something urgently and he decided to visit jack. Jack on his side, enlighten john on the advantages they will enjoy when they join the terrorist group. We will never lack food; our families will have something to keep them going, and as you have narrated to me about your mothers diagnosis, am sorry but this is the only way to get the funds needed for her cure.Both john and jack passed all the tests and were now members of Hazard terror group. They underwent harsh teachings to harden them. The most important thing was that one could do anything to attain the leaders objectives to an extent of even killing. John adopted with the life even though he was guilty for he was not brought out in such rituals. He made an irreversible decision and so he had to face the wrath.Day in day out john and jack were sent out in terror missions and they came out victorious but not on this day. It was at dawn on a mission to conquer the ruling government by invading police camps and deteriorate the armed forces of the government. Highly armed, they were keen to tak...

MLK Argument Essay - 1105 Words

MLK Argument Essay Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was delivered on August 28, 1963. MLK’s dream was complete equality for African-Americans in all aspects of life. This dream has not become the reality in America today; however, great strides have been made towards equality for African-Americans and tremendous improvements have been made since Dr. King’s speech was delivered. Two men arrested for the same crime. Two court cases. Two trials and verdicts delivered with a decision that could change their lives forever. The results are two very different sentences and consequences. The only difference in these court cases is the race of the felon. This is a harsh reality for the American justice system. After being†¦show more content†¦Forty-nine percent of African-American males will serve some time in prison. This translates to lost time with families, friends and loved ones and causes many of the issues we see in education and monetary means. The negative effects of not having a good education and few job opportunities encourages a lifestyle contradictory to what the law states. Today, African-Americans make up 37 percent of prison inmates, 42 percent of Death-Row inmates, and 45 percent of drug offenders in prison (Norris 94-95). Blacks are also not equally represented at an early age as two-fifths of incarcerated youths are African-Americans (Kerby). In a study done in 2009 by Heather West, black males are 6 times more likely to be in a federal prison than white males (2). Unfair punishment for blacks is the area farthest from equality; the most racial segregation occurs in this category. Every aspect of life plays a role in the issue of equality; without equality in education, there will not be equality in economics. Without equality in economics and education, there will not be equality in crime and punishment. The U.S. Sentencing Commission stated that in the federal system black offenders receive sentences that are 10 percent longer than white offenders for the same crimes (Kerby). This shows the unfair punishment that African-Americans receive only based on the color of their skin. MLKShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail1542 Words   |  7 Pagesorganized manner. He calmly and directly shoots back a compelling argument to those who question his authority to lead protests on the subject. Overall, King uses examples and accurate representations of history to show the need for change. MLK Jr.’s letter embodies the rightful cry of the African American population and successfully rebukes those who stand idly by during a struggle that should be considered pertinent to all Americans. MLK begins by justifying his presence in Birmingham and his subsequentRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr And Antigone1358 Words   |  6 Pagesmake self-less sacrifices. 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Sustainability Is Still A New Concept In The Lebanese...

Sustainability is still a new concept in the Lebanese community. Since 2009, many initiatives took place to embed sustainability into businesses in Lebanon, by creating the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Lebanon website and by making annual international meetings since 2011 to discuss sustainability in practice and not only in theory. Lebanese banks have been implementing sustainability in their approaches, and they have been financing small businesses and start-ups to move into more sustainable practices. The last annual meeting took place in April 2016. As detailed in the report by Lacy and al., â€Å"A new era of sustainability: UN Global Compact-Accenture CEO study 2010,† while CEOs in the world are convinced, now, more than ever, of†¦show more content†¦- With increased concern about education, health issues, climate change, depleting natural resources, and social development, a new corporation needs to tailor its operations to be as environmental friendly as possible and to tackle the needs of its customers and its employees by providing its employees with hand-on trainings and allowing them to grow financially, emotionally, and professionally. This is done by incorporating sustainability at the core of the business and not only as a peripheral choice. It needs to consider its customers as kings and to tailor its operations to tackle their needs and concerns. - It also needs to collaborate and engage with the different players, investors, and governments since everything is interconnected and everyone has a role to play no matter how small that role seems. - It needs to resort to new technologies because nothing can be done nowadays without using the internet, social media, computers, networks, green technology, etc†¦ The use of information and communication technologies leverages the use of energy towards more efficient energy consumption. Social media connects people and businesses more easily and allows consumers to interact more efficiently with businesses. 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Perception about Police in Britain

Question: Describe about the Perception about Police in Britain? Answer: Introduction: In early days with the existence of media especially films the prime focus was about the heroism established through war movies. It was all about victory, happiness and the prime theme was happy ending. At first with the invention of film or cinemascope the Lumiere brothers tried to capture the daily happenings of life. Like the arrival of the train, the workers leaving the factory and the gardener etc this dealt with the reality. Then the stories of George Melis and fictions like journey to the moon then fairies etc. Through these movies we came to know that cinema as a visual media was very effective for people, especially the viewers. The train arrival at the station made people believe that a giant train was coming at them. Through Melis films people believe that people can make a journey to the moon. Through these instances we can understand that people use to believe what they saw. This was the scenario during the evolution of cinema. What followed was various stories about war, which is a mere adaptation of the world war era, where in war the main protagonist was victory and they made emphasis on the glory of war (Shaffer and Casey, 2012). So it was quite obvious that people perceived the military people like the Colonel the military general the Major as their Hero (Sharp and Leiboff, n.d.). In fact not only in visual media at that time the novels, the books of fictional stories also made war as a chivalrous thing to do and made people believe that going to war is being a hero for everyone. Books like in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice we can see that Lydia and Kitty, they were amazed by Wickhams Charm just because he belonged to the military regiment. Similarly in Arms and the man the fianc of Riana and the main protagonist of the story Bluntschli who was also a soldier were shown as a hero (Sikov, 2010). In fact Sergius Saranoff was portrayed as a hero beca use he had a good rank in his regiment. This is how people who fought for war were perceived. But that was during world war, the Scenario started changing during the Second World War (Speidel, Wilson and Bethell, 2014). Around the Second World War movies of Charlie Chaplin were considered a s the most popular. Through his movies we came to know that police use to do their duty, they were very responsible and they awarded the deserving and imprisoned the guilty. In Modern times which was made during the Industrial revolution we have seen that police imprisoned Charlie Chaplin for leading a group of revolutionists with a flag. He was innocent but what followed was that it seemed to be perhaps the best place where he could have resided during the depression. At that time England was dealing with a major economic downturn and people was either dyeing out of hunger of turning into thieves? But in Police station the prisoners were treated well due to the jurisdiction system. In fact the police in charge rewarded Chaplin for helping to capture two prisoners, not only that the prisoner made a reference of the character of Chaplin so that he could work outside the prison. Such was the scenario of thee then t ime. The police was more about the loyal worker to the system than a hero; in fact common man became hero. Soon things turned when police were portrayed as villain. More than villain the police were shown as the ultimate authority who can arrest the innocent harm them can even kill them and finally rein them. During the 90s the common man were portrayed as heroes. This was the time to make people believe that every person can be a hero. And police played the supporting role. The police were shown as the one who ultimately makes the justice by arresting the criminal. The whole heroic moves were stored for the hero and the justice was done by the police. This contained a very important message. It stated that no matter how right thing the hero is doing the ultimate power lies with the police. We cannot take everything at our hands the police are there to do justice. Initially they may be wrong but at the end the proof is brought in front of them. Take the example of John Rambo, he was an early military man who has been falsely accused of committing a crime and hence he preferred to be out of the system. Similarly in Stories of extreme action the police are sometimes show as taken bribery to kill the hero or dying in the end for losing the fight. Thousands of perceptions were involved with t he common people. The biggest fact is that one can make people believe with the help of Audio-visual media but audience today has their own opinion to work with. When the concept of audio-visual media was novice it was easier for people to believe what was shown but if the reality is far different from the on-screen portrayal then people cannot be fooled. The public Perception: There has been innumerous questions about how people behaves towards police their perceptions and attitudes. Several surveys were conducted about the perception of people towards police since 1982 and it has been changed since 2003 so that they could improve data collection quality. A survey is conducted for people who think that their local police is doing a good job and to this fair comments were gathered (Hall, 2011). According to the new way of collecting data the results have shown that there is a trend in changing perceptions of public regarding police. The reason is not only the good conduct of the police but also a series of police drama series that made people believe that police are doing their work efficiently and effectively with full responsibility. The perception also depended on the number of crimes occurred in the locality and the people confronted (Fitch, 2013). There has been a crime survey in the British localities so as to measure the perception of public and how much improvement is needed and how the people perceive the responsibilities and duties of policemen. The questions which were changed for improving the survey in 2003 were Whether the police is reliable in matters when they are in need Does the police treats the public with respect while contacting them for relevant reasons The police treats everyone fairly despite of their social status or any such Whether the police could be relied while dealing with crimes which are minor. Does the police comprehends the importance of the community issues Does the police deals with things that is of relevance to the community people Do the local people have the confidence over the local police taking everything into account? These are the genuine questions that judged how the people perceived the police in their locality, but how the perception changes and how the drama series about police made an impact is a big thing to discover. Let us take an example of the TV series waking the dead. Waking the Dead (2000-2011): The Walking Dead is a Television series about police crime procedure by the BBC channel which featured the unit of cold case that comprised the CID police officers and also involved forensic scientist and psychological profiler (Hensman, 2013). The drama is about the CID, the high rank in the police department and the existence of Psychologist of criminals and scientists of forensic because in crime case it is not just the police but these two professions also contributes in tracing the criminals. The running time of the show was 60 minutes and there were a total of 92 episodes till April 2011. Each stories of this series were split into two hour episodes. The third series of this drama won Emmy award in 2004. The story is about the tasks of special team of police who use to investigate cases which generally concerns about murders that took long ago and has not been solved till they took the initiative (Higbee and Leahy, 2011). There were three main protagonists, Dr. Foley whose character has been played by Sue Johnston, Superintendent Detective Peter Boyd whose character has been portrayed by Trevor Eve and Inspector Detective Spencer Jordan whose character has been played by Wil Johnson. There were also a number of supporting casts. The show depicted sensitive issues like different religion fanaticism and organized crime in international forum. There were episodes that demonstrated child abuse that too within the Catholic Church and forced child labor, crimes related to war in Bosnia, racism, torture and homophobia. It also portrayed the involvement of UK in the Iraq war, and the banking frauds in the establishment of London city (Hohl, Stanko and Newburn, 2012). Some of the major issues were shown in the story angle of Peter Boyd and his conflicting opinions along with class conservative Spencer Jordan whose character conflicted with that of Boyd. The character reflection played a very important role in changing the perception of people about police. Detective Superintendent Boyd was the head of the unit. He got involved with the unit no sooner his son went missing during 1990s. Boyds character was sometimes shown as a detached police of his department yet he has been very close towards his team mates (Goodnow, 2010). This included Mel Silver whose death brought a trauma in him as he could not deal with the idea of losing his friend. Boyds son was a drug addict and a runaway who went missing as he was living on the streets. Later in the seventh series of waking the dead he was murdered (Forshaw, 2012). As a detective Boyd was dauntless and uses to give the criminals beating on his own terms. His character is a big example that showed the internal conflict of a policeman and how his family life contributed in his professional life. He took the charge mainly to find his son whom he loved. The series broadcasted some of the real emotions that a cop goes through and how he deals with them in his own terms (Greenfield and Robson, 2010). The second important and major character was Detective inspector Spencer Jordan. He was among the original officers who were assigned in the unit since the unit was established and became the lead sidekick of Boyd (Myhill and Bradford, 2012). Boyd and Jordan often had a good cop and bad cop relation in the interview rooms which slightly depicted the character in the personal aspect. Later Jordan was promoted into detective inspector in the beginning of the fourth series having joined as the initial sergeant (Redner, 2011). In the end of the series Jordan remained with Boyd in order to find Linda Cummings even before having an intention of leaving the unit. This characteristic showed that the police have their duty instigated in them. Its like an alarm which they cannot deny . Being policemen makes a person responsible of his action and his duty. Its a big lesson for the audience that they may also have intention of leaving but in the end they risk their life so as to save the people and make them believe that they are there for their safety (Reinhardt, Pennycott and Fellinghauer, 2014). Conclusion: Earlier people perceived that police is there to do his duty, Justice and fight with the criminals but very few people realized that they also have a family like the common people, if they didnt chose to be a police then they would have been common man. There has been many series and movies related to police and their responsibilities. Certain series like the American drama Gotham, Law and Order, White Collars, even the modern adaptation of Sherlock Holmes had portrayed crime into an advanced level. Here innovative ways of killing and how the police with their qualities have been able to track them were shown. This not only includes police but also professional detectives. A recent drama series Gotham can be one of the example of how people has changed their perception of police. The concept is such an out of box that even it influenced children to believe that superheroes existed because there were good policemen. Before batman, or before any superhero there were cops. Police are the real heroes who risks their life daily so that we could live a peaceful life. References Fitch, B. (2013).Law enforcement ethics. [S.l.: s.n.]. Forshaw, B. (2012).British crime film. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire [UK]: Palgrave Macmillan. Goodnow, K. (2010).Kristeva in Focus: From Theory to Film Analysis. Berghahn Books. Greenfield, S. and Robson, P. (2010).Film and the law. Oxford: Hart Pub. Hall, N. (2011). Policing hate crime in London and New York City: Some reflections on the factors influencing effective law enforcement, service provision and public trust and confidence.International Review of Victimology, 18(1), pp.73-87. Hensman, R. (2013). Oracles of Suburbia: French Cinema and Portrayals of Paris Banlieues , 19581968.Modern Contemporary France, 21(4), pp.435-451. Higbee, W. and Leahy, S. (2011).Studies in French cinema. Bristol, UK: Intellect. Hohl, K., Bradford, B. and Stanko, E. (2010). Influencing Trust and Confidence in the London Metropolitan Police: Results from an Experiment Testing the Effect of Leaflet Drops on Public Opinion.British Journal of Criminology, 50(3), pp.491-513. Hohl, K., Stanko, B. and Newburn, T. (2012). The Effect of the 2011 London Disorder on Public Opinion of Police and Attitudes Towards Crime, Disorder, and Sentencing.Policing, 7(1), pp.12-20. Myhill, A. and Bradford, B. (2012). Can police enhance public confidence by improving quality of service? Results from two surveys in England and Wales.Policing and Society, 22(4), pp.397-425. Redhead, S. (2010). Lock, stock and two smoking hooligans: low sport journalism and hità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ andà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ tell literature.Soccer Society, 11(5), pp.627-642. Redner, G. (2011).Deleuze and film music. Bristol, UK: Intellect. Reinhardt, J., Pennycott, A. and Fellinghauer, B. (2014). Impact of a film portrayal of a police officer with spinal cord injury on attitudes towards disability: a media effects experiment.Disabil Rehabil, 36(4), pp.289-294. Shaffer, C. and Casey, O. (2012). Behind the glasses and beneath the bun: portrayals of librarians in popular cinema and a guide for developing a collection.Collection Building, 32(2), pp.39-45. Sharp, C. and Leiboff, M. (n.d.).Cultural legal studies. Sikov, E. (2010).Film studies. New York, N.Y.: Columbia U.P. Speidel, L., Wilson, R. and Bethell, B. (2014).'Cop Shows: A Critical History of Police Dramas on Television.

Movie Summary The Hurt Locker Essay Example

Movie Summary The Hurt Locker Essay Tuesday,September,11,2001. This was a day that would change the world forever. More importantly, it changed the way America viewed Middle Eastern countries.In the following days after, America would declare war against all terrorist organizations, and would soon learn that it was a fight they would become addicted to. The desire to be in dangerous high-risk situations is a theme that we see constantly throughout the movie and is magnified through Sergeant First Class Willam James’ unorthodox ways of diffusing bombs in intense situations. This leads to the main theme within this movie, that â€Å"War is a drug†- Chris Hedges. In the film The Hurt Locker, by Mark Boal and Kathryn Bigelow, we see how American politics are conducted through the depiction of the character Sergeant First Class William James. Throughout the movie we see the characters change, develop different beliefs and ways of looking at life.This represents how America has changed through its difficult tim e fighting in The War on Terror. This film successfully portrays how war is a drug, and that Americans will always return to the battlefield with their brothers in arm no matter how dangerous the foreign land will seem, because just like drugs, war is addictive. To fully understand this review you must first understand the political views that America has and what they have been through leading up to the films release date in 2008. America has yet to fully recover from 9/11.The fear of another attack looms large overs civilians.The Obama administration was actively pursuing the leader of the Al-Quaeda.At the same time, they were slowly pulling troops out from Afghanistan and Iraq, with the intention of withdrawingaltogether from the War on Terror, to instead focus on threats only pertaining to the American people. When reviewing the theme of ‘Desire to be in high risk situations’, we see Sergeant First Class William James return to the line of fire aft We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Summary The Hurt Locker specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Summary The Hurt Locker specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Summary The Hurt Locker specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

10 agencias que contratan enfermeras para EE.UU.

10 agencias que contratan enfermeras para EE.UU. Estados Unidos necesita profesionales de la enfermerà ­a en grandes nà ºmeros debido a la jubilacià ³n de miles de profesionales nativos en los prà ³ximos aà ±os. Por ello, contratan enfermeras en otros paà ­ses. Para los candidatos internacionales, esta opcià ³n es atractiva porque adems de brindar la oportunidad de trabajar en EE.UU. permite obtener buenos salarios ya que es una profesià ³n bien pagada. En la actualidad, la mayorà ­a de los contratos para trabajar en EE.UU. en esta profesià ³n los obtienen enfermeros/as de paà ­ses de habla inglesa, como Filipinas, India, Irlanda, Sudfrica, Australia, Nueva Zelanda o algunas islas caribeà ±as. Un nà ºmero ms reducido de profesionales procede de otros paà ­ses, destacando los provenientes de Mà ©xico. Enfermeras Internacionales para trabajar en EE.UU. En EE.UU. hay 3,2 millones de enfermeras registradas, conocidas por sus iniciales RN.El 90 por ciento son mujeres.Se estima que en 2020 habr 800.000 puestos de trabajo en enfermerà ­a sin cubrir, segà ºn clculos del National Center for Workforce Analysis.El 15 por ciento de enfermeras que trabajan en EE.UU. se han formado fuera de este paà ­s, segà ºn el Institute for Immigration Research de la Universidad George Mason.Para trabajar en EE.UU. como RN, las enfermeras internacionales necesitan: licenciatura universitaria o equivalente, homologacià ³n de estudios, examen de conocimientos, certificacià ³n del estado en el que quieran trabajar, conocimiento alto del idioma inglà ©s y documento que acredite el derecho a trabajar en EE.UU., que puede ser visa de trabajo o tarjeta de residencia permanente . 10 Agencias estadounidenses de reclutamiento de enfermeras/os Entre las numerosas agencias que se dedican a esta labor y aceptan candidatos de Latinoamà ©rica y/o Espaà ±a, destacan las siguientes. ASMCI Servicios para Estados Unidos y Canad Telà ©fono: 702-483-5308Correo Electrà ³nico: zenasmci.com Assignment America Telà ©fono: 781-388-6800Correo electrà ³nico: inquiresmyaam.com CBH Healthcare Recruiters Telà ©fono: 602-404-0417Correo electrà ³nico: infocbhrecruiters.com Christine Paris Enterprises USA, Inc. Brinda servicios de colocacià ³n para USA, Australia y el Reino Unido. Correo electrà ³nico: christinechristineparis.com European Medical Staffing Para enfermeras/os de Mà ©xico o Canad. Informacià ³n en Mà ©xico: tsimoneuromedstaff.com Global Healtcare Resources Tiene socios reclutadores en Mà ©xico, Perà º y otros paà ­ses de Latinoamà ©rica. Telà ©fono: 703-481-2204Correo electrà ³nico: lightonerols.com Institute of California Bilingual Healthcare Telà ©fono: 310-933-3232En su pgina web en la seccià ³n de contactar hay un formulario para enviarles un correo. O ´Grady Peyton International: Brinda servicios de colocacià ³n a profesionales de todo el mundo, incluidos de Latinoamà ©rica y Espaà ±a.  Contactar en su pgina web, eligiendo el lugar en el que se encuentra la persona interesada. Peyton tambià ©n ofrece trabajos en Canad y Australia. PPR Telà ©fono: 866.581.5038Correo electrà ³nico: infopprtmg.com Wilson Staffing Network Correo electrà ³nico: kwilsonwsnglobal.com Preguntas que los candidatos deben hacer a las agencias de colocacià ³n de enfermeras internacionales No todas las agencias son iguales y se deberà ­a contactar con varias y preguntar cosas como:    ¿Cobran tarifa de colocacià ³n? Ya que puede pagarlo el empleador. ¿Ayudan en trmites migratorios? ¿Ayudan a preparar el examen del NCLEX o del TOEFL? Y segà ºn las respuestas y las necesidades de cada uno, quedarse con la que resulte ms conveniente. Tipos de visas disponibles para enfermeras/os internacionales Para trabajar en Estados Unidos es necesario contar con algà ºn tipo de documento que lo autorice. Como regla general, las enfermeras internacionales pueden contar con uno de los siguientes documentos: Residencia permanente (green card) por trabajoVisa H-1B para profesionales. Dependiendo de los casos de empleador y tipo de empleo, la H-1B para enfermeras pudiera no estar sujeta a los problemas de los là ­mites anuales.Visa TN-2 sà ³lo para mexicanos o canadienses, bajo el acuerdo del Tratado de Libre Comercio (TLC) Aunque esas son las ms frecuentes, no son las à ºnicas. Esta es una relacià ³n de todas las visas de trabajo y aquà ­ se puede encontrar un listado de las situaciones muy especà ­ficas que permiten solicitar con à ©xito un permiso de trabajo.   Las enfermeras que cuentan ya con un documento que les permite trabajar legalmente en Estados Unidos desde el punto de vista migratorio pueden contactar con cualquiera de las siguientes agencias para buscar trabajo en EE.UU. Maxim Staffing SolutionsCirrus Medical Staffing: 800-299-8132Alda TechnologiesAssingment America: 866-593-8178  ¿Cules son los requisitos mà ­nimos para poder trabajar de enfermera en Estados Unidos? Para trabajar como enfermera es imprescindible tener una licenciatura en enfermerà ­a (Bachelor of Nursing) que pueda ser considerado como equivalente a un R.N. en Estados Unidos. Los tà ­tulos mexicanos de Tà ©cnico profesional a veces sà ­ se validan pero otras no. Adems, es necesario hablar con fluidez inglà ©s, a nivel profesional y con un buen dominio del lenguaje mà ©dico. Tambià ©n se requiere aprobar el NCLEX-RN. Este examen puede rendirse fuera de EU, como por ejemplo en Mà ©xico D.F. Una alternativa es el CGFNS. Asimismo, es necesario obtener la licencia estatal para trabajar como enfermera. En EE.UU. no hay licencia federal que sirva para todo el paà ­s. Por ello, hay que sacarla en el estado donde cada profesional se va a desempeà ±ar laboralmente. Adems, se pide pasar un examen de posible historial criminal (background check, en inglà ©s) Por à ºltimo es necesario obtener la visa correspondiente o una green card  ¿Cunto puede demorarse toda la tramitacià ³n de la visa de enfermera para trabajar en EE.UU? Desde que se inicia hasta que se puede empezar a trabajar puede transcurrir entre 12 y 18 meses.  ¿Cules son las especialidades ms demandadas para las enfermeras internacionales? Las siguientes, son las especialidades de enfermerà ­a donde se ofertan ms puestos de trabajo. Cardiologà ­aDiagnà ³stico por imagenUrgencias (E.R.)Psiquiatrà ­aPediatrà ­aNeonatosCirugà ­aAnestesista  ¿En quà © lugares trabajan las enfermeras internacionales? Pueden ser contratadas por hospitales, hospicios, farmacà ©uticas, consultas de medicina primaria, centros de residencia para vida asistida. hogar de ancianos, etc. El salario de las enfermeras es bueno pero hay una gran diferencia segà ºn tipo de especialidad, los estados y tambià ©n influye los aà ±os de experiencia. Asimismo, a la hora de calcular cunto se gana, tener en consideracià ³n los impuestos. Estos son los 10 estados donde ms y menos se paga. En todo caso, tambià ©n es conveniente realizar un pequeà ±o estudio de si compensa econà ³micamente salir del paà ­s de uno para trabajar en Estados Unidos, ya que si bien es cierto que posiblemente se gana ms, tambià ©n lo es que los gastos son mucho mayores, por eso es pertinente, por ejemplo, verificar este comparativo salarial de 18 profesiones en 8 paà ­ses. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

An Analytical Essay on the Humor in Hamlet The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

Humor was added to Hamlet by two major scenes, along with Hamlet's use of his antic-disposition. These two were: the scene between Hamlet and Polonius in the library, and the scene with the grave diggers (the clowns).    The scene between Hamlet and Polonius took place in Act II Scene 2. In Hamlet's first encounter with Polonius, he immediately insulted the old man by calling him a "fishmonger". He then quickly changed his opinion and complemented Polonius by calling him an honest man. Hamlet said, "to be honest, as this world goes, is to be one man picked out of ten thousand". As we know Polonius definitely was not such a man. Hamlet was portrayed as a clever lad, who was playing a psychological game with an old fool. He asked Polonius whether or not he had a daughter, pretending he did not know that Ophelia was Polonius's daughter. When Hamlet was asked about what he was reading, he replied by saying, "words, words, words". Throughout this scene, Hamlet revealed himself to Polonius as a mentally unstable man. He was playing a fool himself, while ingeniously using this to make Polonius look like an even bigger fool. He cleverly insulted Polonius' appearances indirectly, by referring to the book he was reading. According to that book old men had grey beards, their faces were wrinkled, they had a plentiful lack of wit, and so on. He was describing Polonius exactly. Perhaps the most humorous part took place when Hamlet, while saying, "for yourself, sir, shall grow old as I am, if like a crab you could go backward",   he advanced towards Polonius, causing him to walk backwards. Those words and the actions on the stage   revealed Hamlet to be a daring young man. When Polonius finally left, Hamlet dropped his pretense and yelled, "These tedious old fools!". In Act III Scene 2, Hamlet used a recorder, the musical instrument, as a telescope when Polonius entered the scene. He asked Polonius, "Do you see yonder cloud that's almost in shape of a camel?". Hamlet always pretended to be the madman in front of Polonius, while he actually made him look like an old fool.    The scene with the grave diggers (the clowns), took place in Act V Scene I. The clowns were discussing Ophelia's death and were making fun of the case of Sir James Hales, who also drowned himself.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 63

Marketing - Essay Example While marketing identifies and determines the needs of the consumers, its promotional techniques become critical elements that help create customer base for the products. It is important that the needs of the customers are met by the products. The various channels of communication provide the necessary platform to showcase the features of the product. They not only attract target consumers but also motivate them to try and cultivate consumption habit towards the product. Hence, effectiveness of channels and the creativity in the advertisement become two most important factors for the success of the product. In other words, aggressive market growth of RDA would mainly depend on the channels that are chosen to advertise the products. While there are various direct channels of direct marketing like email, questionnaire, free sampling, social networking etc., the integrated market communication hugely helps in delivering effective messages regarding products to wider network of target consumers. Television advertising is more prolific but costly. However, various channels of viral marketing are not only cost effective but also well accepted. Products can be advertised on tickets, carry bags, balloons, posters, hoardings etc. The social networking sites and blogs have also emerged as cost effective channels of marketing that are very effective and trendy. Most importantly, they promote interactive sessions between consumer and producer, thereby providing ample of opportunities for creating a need for the product. The free sampling of RDA as supplement with chocolate flavored drink as promotion would also help develop taste for the product. Developing linkages with health centers and restaurants that serve healthy food would also help to expand its market. Its nutrient content would add value to it and thereby greatly contribute to its market growth. The major

American Steel Industry Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

American Steel Industry - Research Paper Example One of the industrial relations patterns that have emerged and which the international leadership of the united steelworkers of America appears to be advocating is a new cooperative partnership, modeled after the 1986 National Steel Agreement. This new industrial relations model includes significant quality and flexibility-enhancing work restructuring coupled with an increased share of compensation linked to firm performance and productivity in exchange for job security guarantees and unprecedented employee and union participation and information sharing at all levels of the company (Anon 2). Economic, technological and institutional changes in the 1980s have fundamentally transformed the industrial relations system in the American steel industry. Prior to the 1980s, the bargaining structure in steel matched the concentrated and centralized nature of the industry as a whole. Not only did a multi-employer bargain set the pattern for the wider industry, but also there was coordination of pay for particular jobs through the co-operative arrangements. The inaccessibility to potential entrants of requisite iron ore supplies of high grade has imposed a major barrier to entry to the American steel industry. In the period since the reconstruction of Europe and Japan following the Second World War, earlier reductions in tariffs on steel have invited the influx of foreign supplies; until at present foreign producers are supplying an appreciable minor fraction of the American market. These foreign suppliers are drawing on iron ore reserves that have not been generally accessible to potential entrant firms that might have produced steel in America. As a result, the barrier to entry to the American steel market that depended on the close holding of domestically available iron ore deposits by established American firms has been appreciably reduced. American steel

Influenza Outbreak :: Journalism Media Studies Health Essays

Influenza Outbreak Four years ago the good citizens of this city voted to allow city funds to be allocated toward a new civic center located in the heart of Irvine. Four years ago the good citizens of this great city had no idea that a terrible pandemic would threaten their very lives and the lives of their loved ones. When signs of the flu season came around in late October this year, no one would have imaged that a disease, often with symptoms like a common cold, would have by the end of the year killed almost half of those killed in the Great War itself. Places all across the nation have had to deal with the sick and dying and Irvine is no exception. This week alone there have been reportedly 3369 new cases of influenza resulting in 60 deaths. This is a staggering jump from last week's amount of 1200 cases. This week's newest count has prompted city officials to call a special session in order to decide on how to deal with the outbreak in monetary terms. The State of California has already given Irvine all that it can until more Federal Aid can be released. In an overwhelming 5-0 vote the city council decided to divert the money set aside for construction of the new civic center and allocate those funds toward medical equipment and vaccines to help fight the deadly disease. Mayor Beth Krom stated that, "It was the only logical thing to do. With the city not receiving anymore State or Federal aid anytime soon it was only right that priorities be rearranged." In a news conference Council member Sukhee Kang was quoted as saying "I mean we're talking about lives here, not a few slabs of concrete and steel. What good is a civic center if there's no one to seat in it?" The civic center, which was set to open May 16, 1919, will be left standing half complete and no new date has been set as to when construction will resume. If things continue to go in this direction then the civic center may never be finished. In the long run this may end up hurting the city financially. A lot of money was invested into the project in hopes that it would help make Irvine the cultural capital of Southern California which would translate into more people and more business.

Real World

Real world cyber crime cases This document is an extract from the book Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective authored by Rohas Nagpal. This book is available as courseware for the Diploma in Cyber Law and PG Program in Cyber Law conducted by Asian School of Cyber Laws www. asianlaws. org Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. Real World Cases This chapter serves as a ready reference guide. First the various scenarios are covered. A detailed discussion on the various cyber crimes, is covered in the ASCL publication titled â€Å"Understanding Hackers and Cyber Criminals†. This is provided as official courseware for the ASCL Certified Cyber Crime Investigator course. Then the applicable law and legal liabilities are covered. Then the modus operandi usually followed by the criminals is discussed. The investigation guidelines for cyber crime investigators are not discussed in this book as they are part of the syllabus of the ASCL Certified Cyber Crime Investigator course only. For real world case studies on investigation of cyber crimes, please refer to the ASCL publication titled â€Å"Case Studies on Cyber Crime Investigation†. This is provided as official courseware for the ASCL Certified Cyber Crime Investigator course. – 130 –  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 1 Orkut Fake Profile cases Orkut. com is a very popular online community and social networking website. Orkut users can search for and interact with people who share the same hobbies and interests. They can create and join a wide variety of online communities. The profiles of Orkut members are publicly viewable. The scenarios 1. A fake profile of a woman is created on Orkut. The profile displays her correct name and contact information (such as address, residential phone number, cell phone number etc). Sometimes it even has her photograph. The problem is that the profile describes her as a prostitute or a woman of â€Å"loose character† who wants to have sexual relations with anyone. Other Orkut members see this profile and start calling her at all hours of the day asking for sexual favours. This leads to a lot of harassment for the victim and also defames her in society. 2. An online hate community is created. This community displays objectionable information against a particular country, religious or ethnic group or even against national leaders and historical figures. 3. A fake profile of a man is created on Orkut. The profile contains defamatory information abut the victim (such as his alleged sexual weakness, alleged immoral character etc) The law Scenario 1: Section 67 of Information Technology Act and section 509 of the Indian Penal Code. Scenario 2: Section 153A and 153B of Indian Penal Code. Scenario 3: Section 500 of Indian Penal Code. Who is liable? Scenario 1: Directors of Orkut as well as all those who create and update the fake profile. Scenario 2: Same as Scenario 1. Scenario 3: Same as Scenario 1.  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. – 131 – Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective The motive Scenario 1: Jealousy or revenge (e. g. the victim may have rejected the advances made by the suspect). Scenario 2: Desire to cause racial hatred (e. g. Pakistani citizens creating an anti-India online community). Scenario 3: Hatred (e. g. a school student who has failed may victimize his teachers). Modus Operandi 1. The suspect would create a free Gmail account using a fictitious name. 2. The email ID chosen by him would be unrelated to his real identity. 3. The suspect would then login to Orkut. com and create the offensive profile. – 132 –  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 2 Email Account Hacking Emails are increasingly being used for social interaction, business communication and online transactions. Most email account holders do not take basic precautions to protect their email account passwords. Cases of theft of email passwords and subsequent misuse of email accounts are becoming very common. The scenarios 1. The victim’s email account password is stolen and the account is then misused for sending out malicious code (virus, worm, Trojan etc) to people in the victim’s address book. The recipients of these viruses believe that the email is coming from a known person and run the attachments. This infects their computers with the malicious code. 2. The victim’s email account password is stolen and the hacker tries to extort money from the victim. The victim is threatened that if he does not pay the money, the information contained in the emails will be misused. 3. The victim’s email account password is stolen and obscene emails are sent to people in the victim’s address book. The law Scenario 1: Sections 43 and 66 of Information Technology Act. Scenario 2: Sections 43 and 66 of Information Technology Act and section 384 of Indian Penal Code. Scenario 3: Sections 43, 66 and 67 of Information Technology Act and section 509 of the Indian Penal Code. Who is liable? Scenario 1: Persons who have stolen the email account password and who are misusing the email account. Scenario 2: Persons who have stolen the email account password and who are threatening to misuse it.  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. – 133 – Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective Scenario 3: Persons who have stolen the email account password and who are misusing the email account. The motive Scenario 1: Corporate Espionage, perverse pleasure in being able to destroy valuable information belonging to strangers etc. Scenario 2: Illegal financial gain. Scenario 3: Revenge, jealousy, hatred. Modus Operandi 1. The suspect would install keyloggers in public computers (such as cyber cafes, airport lounges etc) or the computers of the victim. 2. Unsuspecting victims would login to their email accounts using these infected computers. 3. The passwords of the victim’s email accounts would be emailed to the suspect. – 134 –  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 3 Credit Card Fraud Credit cards are commonly being used for online booking of airline and railway tickets and for other ecommerce transactions. Although most of ecommerce websites have implemented strong security measures (such as SSL, secure web servers etc), instances of credit card frauds are increasing. The scenario The victim’s credit card information is stolen and misused for making online purchases (e. g. airline tickets, software, subscription to pornographic websites etc). The law Sections 43 and 66 of Information Technology Act and section 420 of Indian Penal Code. Who is liable? All persons who have stolen the credit card information as well as those who have misused it. The motive Illegal financial gain. Modus Operandi Scenario 1: The suspect would install keyloggers in public computers (such as cyber cafes, airport lounges etc) or the computers of the victim. Unsuspecting victims would use these infected computers to make online transactions. The credit card information of the victim would be emailed to the suspect. Scenario 2: Petrol pump attendants, workers at retail outlets, hotel waiters etc note down information of the credit cards used for making payment at these establishments. This information is sold to criminal gangs that misuse it for online frauds. 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. – 135 – Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 4 Online Share Trading Fraud With the advent of dematerialization of shares in India, it has become mandatory for investors to have demat accounts. In most cases an online banking account is linked with the share trading account. This has led to a high number of online share trading frauds. The scenario Scenario 1: The victim’s account passwords are stolen and his accounts are misused for making fraudulent bank transfers. Scenario 2: The victim’s account passwords are stolen and his share trading accounts are misused for making unauthorised transactions that result in the victim making losses. The law Scenario 1: Sections 43 and 66 of Information Technology Act and section 420 of Indian Penal Code. Scenario 2: Sections 43 and 66 of Information Technology Act and section 426 of Indian Penal Code. Who is liable? Scenario 1: All persons who have stolen the account information as well as those who have misused it. Scenario 2: All persons who have stolen the account information as well as those who have misused it. The motive Scenario 1: Illegal financial gain Scenario 2: Revenge, jealousy, hatred Modus Operandi Scenario 1: The suspect would install keyloggers in public computers (such as cyber cafes, airport lounges etc) or the computers of the victim. Unsuspecting victims would use these infected computers to login to their online banking and share trading accounts. The passwords and other information of the victim would be emailed to the suspect. Scenario 2: Same as scenario 1. – 136  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 3. 5 Tax Evasion and Money Laundering Many unscrupulous businessmen and money launderers (havala operators) are using virtual as well as physical storage media for hiding information and records of their illicit business. The scenario Scenario 1: The suspect uses physical storage media for hiding the information e. g. hard drives, floppies, USB drives, mobile phone memory cards, digital camera memory ca rds, CD ROMs, DVD ROMs, iPods etc. Scenario 2: The suspect uses virtual storage media for hiding the information e. g. mail accounts, online briefcases, FTP sites, Gspace etc. The law Scenario 1: Depending upon the case, provisions of the Income Tax Act and Prevention of Money Laundering Act will apply. Scenario 2: Depending upon the case, provisions of the Income Tax Act and Prevention of Money Laundering Act will apply. Who is liable? Scenario 1: information. The person who hides the Scenario 2: The person who hides the information. If the operators of the virtual storage facility do not cooperate in the investigation, then they also become liable. The motive Scenario 1: Illegal financial gain Scenario 2: Illegal financial gain Modus Operandi Scenario 1: The suspect would purchase small storage devices with large data storage capacities. Scenario 2: The suspect would open free or paid accounts with online storage providers.  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. – 137 – Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 6 Source Code Theft Computer source code is the most important asset of software companies. Simply put, source code is the programming instructions that are compiled into the executable files that are sold by software development companies. As is expected, most source code thefts take place in software companies. Some cases are also reported in banks, manufacturing companies and other organisations who get original software developed for their use. The scenario Scenario 1: The suspect (usually an employee of the victim) steals the source code and sells it to a business rival of the victim. Scenario 2: The suspect (usually an employee of the victim) steals the source code and uses it as a base to make and sell his own version of the software. The law Scenario 1: Sections 43, 65 and 66 of the Information Technology Act, section 63 of the Copyright Act. Scenario 2: Sections 43, 65 and 66 of the Information Technology Act, section 63 of the Copyright Act. Who is liable? Scenario 1: The persons who steal the source code as well as the persons who purchase the stolen source code. Scenario 2: The persons who steal the source code. The motive Scenario 1: Illegal financial gain. Scenario 2: Illegal financial gain. Modus Operandi Scenario 1: If the suspect is an employee of the victim, he would usually have direct or indirect access to the source code. He would steal a copy of the source code and hide it using a virtual or physical storage device. – 138 – 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective If the suspect is not an employee of the victim, he would hack into the victim’s servers to steal the source code. Or he would use social engineering to get unauthorised access to the code. He would then contact potential buyers to make the sale. Scenario 2: If the suspe ct is an employee of the victim, he would usually have direct or indirect access to the source code. He would steal a copy of the source code and hide it using a virtual or physical storage device. If the suspect is not an employee of the victim, e would hack into the victim’s servers to steal the source code. Or he would use social engineering to get unauthorised access to the code. He would then modify the source code (either himself or in association with other programmers) and launch his own software.  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. – 139 – Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 7 Theft of Confidential Information Most business organisations store their sensitive information in computer systems. This information is targeted by rivals, criminals and sometimes disgruntled employees. The scenario Scenario 1: A business rival obtains the information (e. g. tender quotations, business plans etc) using hacking or social engineering. He then uses the information for the benefit of his own business (e. g. quoting lower rates for the tender). Scenario 2: A criminal obtains the information by hacking or social engineering and threatens to make the information public unless the victim pays him some money. Scenario 3: A disgruntled employee steals the information and mass mails it to the victim’s rivals and also posts it to numerous websites and newsgroups. The law Scenario 1: Sections 43 and 66 of the Information Technology Act, section 426 of Indian Penal Code. Scenario 2: Sections 43 and 66 of the Information Technology Act, section 384 of Indian Penal Code. Scenario 3: Sections 43 and 66 of the Information Technology Act, section 426 of Indian Penal Code. Who is liable? Scenario 1: The persons who steal the information as well as the persons who misuse the stolen information. Scenario 2: The persons who steal the information as well as the persons who threaten the victim and extort money. Scenario 3: The disgruntled employee as well as the persons who help him in stealing and distributing the information. The motive Scenario 1: Illegal financial gain. Scenario 2: Illegal financial gain. Scenario3: Revenge. – 140  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective Modus Operandi Scenario 1: The suspect could hire a skilled hacker to break into the victim systems. The hacker could also use social engineering techniques. Illustration: A very good looking woman went to meet the system administrator (sysadmin) of a large company. She interviewed the sysadmin for a â€Å"magazine article†. During the interview she flirted a lot with the sysadmin and while leaving she â€Å"accidentally† left her pen drive at the sysadmin’s room. The sysadmin accessed the pen drive and saw that it contained many photographs of the lady. He did not realize that the photographs were Trojanized! Once the Trojan was in place, a lot of sensitive information was stolen very easily. Illustration: The sysadmin of a large manufacturing company received a beautifully packed CD ROM containing â€Å"security updates† from the company that developed the operating system that ran his company’s servers. He installed the â€Å"updates† which in reality were Trojanized software. For 3 years after that a lot of confidential information was stolen from the company’s systems! Scenario 2: Same as scenario 1. Scenario 3: The disgruntled employee would usually have direct or indirect access to the information. He can use his personal computer or a cyber cafe to spread the information.  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. – 141 – Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 8 Software Piracy Many people do not consider software piracy to be theft. They would never steal a rupee from someone but would not think twice before using pirated software. There is a common perception amongst normal computer users to not consider software as â€Å"property†. This has led to software piracy becoming a flourishing business. The scenario Scenario 1: The software pirate sells the pirated software in physical media (usually CD ROMs) through a close network of dealers. Scenario 2: The software pirate sells the pirated software through electronic downloads through websites, bulletin boards, newsgroups, spam emails etc. The law Scenario 1: Sections 43 and 66 of the Information Technology Act, section 63 of Copyright Act. Scenario 2: Sections 43 and 66 of the Information Technology Act, section 63 of Copyright Act. Who is liable? Scenario 1: The software pirate as well as the persons who buy the pirated software from him. Scenario 2: The software pirate as well as the persons who buy the pirated software from him. The motive Scenario 1: Illegal financial gain. Scenario 2: Illegal financial gain. Modus Operandi Scenario 1: The suspect uses high speed CD duplication equipment to create multiple copies of the pirated software. This software is sold through a network of computer hardware and software vendors. Scenario 2: The suspect registers a domain name using a fictitious name and then hosts his website using a service provider that is based in a country that does not have cyber laws. Such service providers do not divulge client information to law enforcement officials of other countries. – 142  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 9 Music Piracy Many people do not consider music piracy to be theft. They would never steal a rupee from someone but would not think twice before buying or using pirated music. There is a common perception amongst people users to not consider music as â€Å"property†. There is a huge business in music piracy. Thousands of unscrupulous businessmen sell pirated music at throw away prices. The scenario Scenario 1: The music pirate sells the pirated music in physical media (usually CD ROMs) through a close network of dealers. Scenario 2: The music pirate sells the pirated music through electronic downloads through websites, bulletin boards, newsgroups, spam emails etc. The law Scenario 1: Sections 43 and 66 of the Information Technology Act, section 63 of Copyright Act. Scenario 2: Sections 43 and 66 of the Information Technology Act, section 63 of Copyright Act. Who is liable? Scenario 1: The music pirate as well as the persons who buy the pirated software from him. Scenario 2: The music pirate as well as the persons who buy the pirated software from him. The motive Scenario 1: Illegal financial gain. Scenario 2: Illegal financial gain. Modus Operandi Scenario 1: The suspect uses high speed CD duplication equipment to create multiple copies of the pirated music. This music is sold through a network of dealers. Scenario 2: The suspect registers a domain name using a fictitious name and then hosts his website using a service provider that is based in a country that does not have cyber laws. Such service providers do not divulge client information to law enforcement officials of other countries.  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. – 143 – Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 10 Email Scams Emails are fast emerging as one of the most common methods of communication in the modern world. As can be expected, criminals are also using emails extensively for their illicit activities. The scenario In the first step, the suspect convinces the victim that the victim is going to get a lot of money (by way of winning a lottery or from a corrupt African bureaucrat who wants to transfer his ill gotten gains out of his home country). In order to convince the victim, the suspect sends emails (some having official looking documents as attachments). Once the victim believes this story, the suspect asks for a small fee to cover legal expenses or courier charges. If the victim pays up the money, the suspect stops all contact. The law Section 420 of Indian Penal Code Who is liable? The sender of the email. The motive Illegal financial gain. Modus Operandi The suspect creates email accounts in fictitious names and sends out millions of fraudulent emails using powerful spam software. – 144 –  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 11 Phishing With the tremendous increase in the use of online banking, online share trading and ecommerce, there has been a corresponding growth in the ncidents of phishing being used to carry out financial frauds. Phishing involves fraudulently acquiring sensitive information (e. g. passwords, credit card details etc) by masquerading as a trusted entity. The scenario Scenario 1: The victim receives an email that appears to have been sent from his bank. The email urges the victim to click on the link in the email. When the victim does so, he is taken to â€Å"a secure page on the bank’s website†. The victim believes the web page to be authentic and he enters his username, password and other information. In reality, the website is a fake and the victim’s information is stolen and misused. The law Sections 43 and 66 of Information Technology Act and sections 419, 420 and 468 of Indian Penal Code. Who is liable? All persons involved in creating and sending the fraudulent emails and creating and maintaining the fake website. The persons who misuse the stolen or â€Å"phished† information are also liable. The motive Illegal financial gain. Modus Operandi The suspect registers a domain name using fictitious details. The domain name is usually such that can be misused for spoofing e. g. Noodle Bank has its website at www. oodle. com The suspects can target Noodle customers using a domain name like www. noodle-bank-customerlogin. com The suspect then sends spoofed emails to the victims. e. g. the emails may appear to come from [email  protected] com The fake website is designed to look exactly like the original website.  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. – 1 45 – Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 12 Cyber Pornography Cyber pornography is believed to be one of the largest businesses on the Internet today. The millions of pornographic websites that flourish on the Internet are testimony to this. While pornography per se is not illegal in many countries, child pornography is strictly illegal in most nations today. Cyber pornography includes pornographic websites, pornographic magazines produced using computers (to publish and print the material) and the Internet (to download and transmit pornographic pictures, photos, writings etc). The scenario The suspect accepts online payments and allows paying customers to view / download pornographic pictures, videos etc from his website. The law Section 67 of Information Technology Act. Who is liable? The persons who create and maintain the pornographic websites are liable. In some cases cyber cafe owners and managers may also be liable in case they knowingly allow their customers to access the pornographic websites. The motive Illegal financial gain. Modus Operandi The suspect registers a domain name using fictitious details and hosts a website on a server located in a country where cyber pornography is not illegal. The suspect accepts online payments and allows paying customers to view / download pornographic pictures, videos etc from his website. – 146 –  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 3 Online Sale of Illegal Articles It is becoming increasingly common to find cases where sale of narcotics drugs, weapons, wildlife etc. is being facilitated by the Internet. Information about the availability of the products for sale is being posted on auction websites, bulletin boards etc. The scenario The suspect posts information about the illegal sale that he seeks to make. P otential customers can contact the seller using the email IDs provided. If the buyer and seller trust each other after their email and / or telephonic conversation, the actual transaction can be concluded. In most such cases the buyer and seller will meet face to face at the time of the final transaction. Illustration: In March 2007, the Pune rural police cracked down on an illegal rave party and arrested hundreds of illegal drug users. The social networking site, Orkut. com, is believed to be one of the modes of communication for gathering people for the illegal â€Å"drug† party. The law Depending upon the illegal items being transacted in, provisions of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, Arms Act, Indian Penal Code, Wildlife related laws etc may apply. Who is liable? The persons who buy and sell these items. The motive Illegal financial gain. Modus Operandi The suspect creates an email ID using fictitious details. He then posts messages, about the illegal products, in various chat rooms, bulletin boards, newsgroups etc. Potential customers can contact the seller using the email IDs provided. If the buyer and seller trust each other after their email and / or telephonic conversation, the actual transaction can be concluded. In most such cases the buyer and seller will meet face to face at the time of the final transaction.  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. 147 – Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 14 Use of Internet and Computers by Terrorists Many terrorists are using virtual as well as physical storage media for hiding information and records of their illicit business. They also use emails and chat rooms to communicate with their counterparts around the globe. The scenario The suspects carry laptops w herein information relating to their activities is stored in encrypted and password protected form. They also create email accounts using fictitious details. In many cases, one email account is shared by many people. E. g. one terrorist composes an email and saves it in the draft folder. Another terrorist logs into the same account from another city / country and reads the saved email. He then composes his reply and saves it in the draft folder. The emails are not actually sent. This makes email tracking and tracing almost impossible. Terrorists also use physical storage media for hiding the information e. g. hard drives, floppies, USB drives, mobile phone memory cards, digital camera memory cards, CD ROMs, DVD ROMs, iPods etc. They also use virtual storage media for hiding the information e. g. mail accounts, online briefcases, FTP sites, Gspace etc. The law Terrorists are covered by conventional laws such as Indian Penal Code and special legislation relating to terrorism. Who is liable? Terrorists as well as those who help them to protect their information are liable. If email service providers do not assist the law enforcement personnel in the investigation then they are also legally liable. T he motive Keeping terrorism related information confidential. Secure communication amongst terrorist group members. Modus Operandi The terrorists purchase small storage devices with large data storage capacities. They also purchase and use encryption software. The terrorists may also use free or paid accounts with online storage providers. – 148  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 15 Virus Attacks Computer viruses are malicious programs that destroy electronic information. As the world is increasingly becoming networked, the threat and damage caused by viruses is growing by leaps and bounds. The scenario Scenario 1: The virus is a general â€Å"in the wild† virus. This means that it is spreading all over the world and is not targeted at any specific organisation. Scenario 2: The virus targets a particular organisation. This type of a virus is not known to anti-virus companies as it is a new virus created specifically to target a particular organisation. The law Scenario 1: Sections 43 and 66 of Information Technology Act and section 426 of Indian Penal Code. Scenario 2: Sections 43 and 66 of Information Technology Act and section 426 of Indian Penal Code. Who is liable? Scenario 1: The creator of the virus. Scenario 2: The creator of the virus as well as the buyer who purchases the virus (usually to target his business rivals). The motive Scenario 1: Thrill and a perverse pleasure in destroying data belonging to strangers. Scenario 2: Illegal business rivalry. financial gain, revenge, Modus Operandi Scenario 1: A highly skilled programmer creates a new type or strain of virus and releases it on the Internet so that it can spread all over the world. Being a new virus, it goes undetected by many anti-virus software and hence is able to spread all over the world and cause a lot of damage. Anti-virus companies are usually able to find a solution within 8 to 48 hours.  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. 149 – Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective Scenario 2: A highly skilled programmer creates a new type or strain of virus. He does not release it on the Internet. Instead he sells it for a huge amount of money. The buyer uses the virus to target his rival company. Being a new virus, it may be undetected by the victim company’s anti-virus software and hence would be able to cause a lot of damage. Anti-virus companies may never get to know about the existence of the virus. – 150 –  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 3. 16 Web Defacement Website defacement is usually the substitution of the original home page of a website with another page (usually pornographic or defamatory in nature) by a hacker. Religious and government sites are regularly targeted by hackers in order to display political or religious beliefs. Disturbing images and offensive phrases might be displayed in the process, as well as a signature of sorts, to show who was responsible for the defacement. Websites are not only defaced for political reasons, many defacers do it just for the thrill. The scenario The homepage of a website is replaced with a pornographic or defamatory page. In case of Government websites, this is most commonly done on symbolic days (e. g. the Independence day of the country). The law Sections 43 and 66 of Information Technology Act [In some cases section 67 and 70 may also apply]. Who is liable? The person who defaces the website. The motive Thrill or a perverse pleasure in inciting communal disharmony. Modus Operandi The defacer may exploit the vulnerabilities of the operating system or applications used to host the website. This will allow him to hack into the web server and change the home page and other pages. Alternatively he may launch a brute force or dictionary attack to obtain the administrator passwords for the website. He can then connect to the web server and change the webpages.  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. – 151 – www. asianlaws. org Head Office 6th Floor, Pride Senate, Behind Indiabulls Mega Store, Senapati Bapat Road, Pune – 411016. India Contact Numbers +91-20-25667148 +91-20-40033365 +91-20-64000000 +91-20-64006464 Email: [email  protected] org URL: www. asianlaws. org

Bullying Scandal From The Air Force Academy - 1906 Words

The Air Force Academy investigated yet another cheating scandal. This case showed that some cadets copied portions of a chemistry lab assignment and it is believed that 40 freshman cadets were involved. With this being the 4 cheating scandal from the Air Force Academy, their academic integrity has lost its importance. Not only do they not know how to stop the cadets from cheating but when they catch the cadets, consequences are lessened which should not be happening. The Christian Science Monitor reveals â€Å"Cadets who break the code can be expelled, but the Colorado Springs Gazette reports freshmen violators are generally treated more leniently under current rules. They can be placed on honor probation instead.† (Associated Press, 2014). Placing cadets on probation is reducing the punishment and also not getting the message across. When reducing punishments on cheating, it sends the students a message that cheating is not a big deal. 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